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Use of 2-Deoxy-D-glucose

2-Deoxy-D-glucose is a glucose analog that acts as a competitive inhibitor of glucose metabolism, inhibiting glycolysis via its actions on hexokinase.

2-Deoxy-D-glucose is an apoptosis inhibitor that has been shown to be taken up by glial cells incubated with insuli. Studies indicate that this compound has the potential to suppress hypoxia in murine retinal tissue. Additionally, 2-Deoxy-D-glucose has been noted to be a glycolytic inhibitor via indirect inhibition of hexokinase (HXK) which results in endoplasmic reticulum stress. 

Other experiments suggest that this agent upregulates autophagy and lowers ATP levels in certain cancer cell lines. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose is an activator and an inhibitor of GPI

2-Deoxy-D-glucose is predominantly used as a diagnostic agent in its radiolabelled form (fluorine-18 is used as the radiolabel). By using positron emission tomography (PET), radiolabelled 2-deoxyglucose can determine glucose metabolism, which is altered in diseases such as cardiovascular disease, tumors, and Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutically, 2-deoxyglucose is an investigational drug that is being studied as an anticancer and antiviral agent. Concerning the former, 2- deoxyglucose was used as an adjunct to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors (lung, breast, pancreas, head, neck,and gastric tumors). The exact mechanisms of action of 2-deoxyglucose is still being investigated, but it is known that in hypoxic cancer cells, 2-deoxyglucose is a glycolysis inhibitor that prevents ATP production and, ultimately, cell survival. With respect to antiviral therapy, 2-deoxyglucose was shown to be effective against herpes simplex virus by affecting the virus' ability to penetrate cells. As an experimental drug, 2-deoxyglucose was demonstrated to work as an anticonvulsant in temporal lobe epilepsy. In this condition, 2-deoxyglucose represses the expression of certain proteins that are at high levels after a seizure. Although there are several possible therapeutic indications for 2-deoxyglucose presently there is no approved indication for 2-deoxyglucose as a therapeutic agent.